crown gall of apple ppt

1. What does crown gall look like?
2. How is crown gall treatment?
3. What is crown gall tumor?
4. Which part of the plant is affected by crown gall?
5. Is crown gall a virus or bacteria?
6. How does crown gall disease spread?
7. How can crown gall be prevented?
8. How can Agrobacterium tumefaciens be prevented?
9. Which plasmid is responsible for crown gall tumor?
10. How do crown gall infections first appear?
11. How do you treat galls on a tree?
12. What is Gall in plant pathology?
13. How does Agrobacterium tumefaciens infect a plant?
14. What fungicide is used for anthracnose?
15. What is leafy gall?
16. Is TMV a virus?
17. Can Agrobacterium tumefaciens infect humans?
18. How is Agrobacterium tumefaciens treated?
19. What are the symptoms of Agrobacterium tumefaciens?
20. Which disease is caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens?
21. How does Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall disease?
22. Can Agrobacterium infect monocots?

What does crown gall look like?

Crown gall symptoms include round, wart-like growths — 2 inches or larger in diameter — that appear at or just above the soil line, or on lower branches and stems. Plants with several galls may be unable to move water and nutrients up the trunk and become weakened, stunted and unproductive.

How is crown gall treatment?

Once crown galls are exposed, removing the gall and the bark tissue surrounding the gall is the most effective treatment currently available. Treatments that kill or remove the bark surrounding the gall result in very good control. Research has shown that careful surgery is very effective.

What is crown gall tumor?

Crown gall is one of several plant tumor diseases typified by a non-self-limiting tissue overgrowth usually on the roots and bottom portions of stems of mainly woody plants.

Which part of the plant is affected by crown gall?

Crown gall is a disease caused by the bacterium Rhizobium radiobacter (synonym Agrobacterium tumefaciens), which enters the plant through wounds in roots or stems and stimulates the plant tissues to grow in a disorganised way, producing swollen galls.

Is crown gall a virus or bacteria?

Crown gall is caused by the bacterial plant pathogen, Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Crown gall bacteria enter plant roots through wounds. Wounds may have been created by planting, grafting, soil insect feeding, root damage from excavation or other forms of physical damage.

How does crown gall disease spread?

Crown gall infection is spread by movement of infested soil, by infected plant material, and via budding and grafting tools.

How can crown gall be prevented?

Crown gall can be avoided by using nursery stock free of suspicious bumps near the crown, former soil line, or graft union; practicing five-year rotation or avoiding replanting for that period; removing severely infected plants (including as many roots as possible); protecting against injury; keeping down weeds; ...

How can Agrobacterium tumefaciens be prevented?

Avoid planting too deep. Avoid mounding soil up on newly planted trees. Keep crown of tree as dry as possible; Agrobacterium is favored by wet environments. Do not rely on short-term fallow rotations (e.g. <2 yrs.) to control Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Which plasmid is responsible for crown gall tumor?

Stable incorporation of tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid sequences, the T-DNA, into the genomes of dicotyledonous plants results in the formation of crown gall tumors.

How do crown gall infections first appear?

Symptoms. The disease first appears as small overgrowths or galls on the roots, crown, trunk, or canes. Galls usually develop on the crown or trunk of the plant near the soil line or underground on the roots. Above ground or aerial galls may form on canes of brambles and highly susceptible cultivars of grape.

How do you treat galls on a tree?

How to Deal With Leaf Galls

1. The appearance of leaf galls is a jarring sight. ...
2. Leaf galls are a disturbing sight but are not usually as serious as they appear. ...
3. As unsightly as they are, the best thing to do is just let them be. ...
4. Dormant oil is a good general solution for controlling leaf eating insects that feed on trees.

What is Gall in plant pathology?

Galls are abnormal growths that occur on leaves, twigs, roots, or flowers of many plants. Most galls are caused by irritation and/or stimulation of plant cells due to feeding or egg-laying by insects such as aphids, midges, wasps, or mites. ... Each type of gall-producer is specific to a particular kind of plant.

How does Agrobacterium tumefaciens infect a plant?

tumefaciens infects the plant through its Ti plasmid. The Ti plasmid integrates a segment of its DNA, known as T-DNA, into the chromosomal DNA of its host plant cells. A. tumefaciens has flagella that allow it to swim through the soil towards photoassimilates that accumulate in the rhizosphere around roots.

What fungicide is used for anthracnose?

The most effective fungicides for control are the protective fungicides containing chlorothalonil e.g., Daconil), copper sprays containing copper diammonia diacetate (e.g., Liquicop), propiconazole (e.g., Banner Maxx II), and the systemic fungicide thiophanate-methyl (e.g., Cleary's 3336, for professional use only).

What is leafy gall?

A leafy gall is a mass of buds or short shoots tightly packed together and fused at the base. These may appear beneath the soil or near the soil line at the base of the stem (Figure 2). They may also form in leaf axils (Figure 3), and in fewer cases, near leaf veins.

Is TMV a virus?

TMV is a single-stranded RNA virus that commonly infects Solanaceous plants, which is a plant family that includes many species such as petunias, tomatoes and tobacco.

Can Agrobacterium tumefaciens infect humans?

In humans. Although generally seen as an infection in plants, Agrobacterium can be responsible for opportunistic infections in humans with weakened immune systems, but has not been shown to be a primary pathogen in otherwise healthy individuals.

How is Agrobacterium tumefaciens treated?

Applying copper and bleach-based bactericides reduce many A. tumefaciens populations on the surface of plant cells. Another form of treatment is to use avirulent strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens that act as A. tumefacien antagonists to control Crown gall pathogens.

What are the symptoms of Agrobacterium tumefaciens?

Symptoms of Crown Gall are white masses of callus tissue or small swellings appearing on roots, at the base of the stem and occasionally on leaves or anywhere wounds occur. Gall formation may be seen about 8-12 days after infection.

Which disease is caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens?

Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall disease on various plant species by introducing its T-DNA into the genome. Therefore, Agrobacterium has been extensively studied both as a pathogen and an important biotechnological tool.

How does Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall disease?

Crown Gall Disease is caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a bacteria that infects plants. The bacteria causes tumors on the stem of its host. Agrobacterium tumefaciens manipulates its hosts by transferring a DNA plasmid to the cells of its host. Plasmids are normally used to transfer DNA from bacteria to bacteria.

Can Agrobacterium infect monocots?

Unfortunately, the capacity of Agrobacterium to infect monocots is limited to a narrow range of genotypes and the utility of the technique is further limited by the recalcitrance of many genotypes to callus formation and regeneration.